DEVAW 1993 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women

I. Introduction

Ever heard of DEVAW? It stands for the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. Imagine a document adopted by the United Nations in 1993 that completely changed the game for women’s safety. That’s DEVAW. It’s a landmark document that defines violence against women, says women deserve to live free from it, and tells governments exactly what they need to do to stop it. Pretty powerful. Let’s dive deeper and see how DEVAW continues to be a crucial tool in the fight for a world free from violence against women.

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II. Historical Context of DEVAW: Building on Existing Frameworks (1948-1993)

The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW) in 1993 wasn’t born in a vacuum. It emerged from a rich history of human rights advancements, particularly those focused on women’s rights. Here’s a closer look at the key documents and events that paved the way for DEVAW:

A. 1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

This landmark document, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, established the foundation for all subsequent human rights instruments. It enshrined principles of equality, security, and liberty for all, laying the groundwork for including women’s rights in future discussions.

Related Article:

• UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• ILO Conventions: The International Labour Organization
• ICCPR 1966 – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

B. 1979: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW):

This international treaty specifically addressed gender discrimination. While not explicitly mentioning violence against women, CEDAW laid the groundwork by recognizing discrimination based on sex as a violation of human rights. Notably, it included provisions on harmful traditional practices that could be considered forms of violence against women.

C. 1980s: Growing Recognition of Violence Against Women:

Throughout the 1980s, violence against women gained increasing recognition as a global issue. Feminist movements and grassroots organizations across the world started raising awareness about domestic violence, sexual assault, and other forms of violence women faced. These movements played a crucial role in pushing for international action.

D. 1993: Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (VDPA):

This document, adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, marked a significant turning point. For the first time, an international document explicitly condemned violence against women. The VDPA called for states to take concrete measures to prevent and address violence against women, including enacting legislation, providing support services for victims, and prosecuting perpetrators.

DEVAW drew upon the human rights principles enshrined in the UDHR and the specific focus on gender equality in CEDAW. It also built upon the growing momentum created by the VDPA’s explicit condemnation of violence against women. This historical context helps us understand how DEVAW became such a powerful tool in the fight to eliminate violence against women.

• BPFA 1995: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
• CRPD 2006 – Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
• CRC 1989 – Convention on the Rights of the Child
• ICERD 1965 – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

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III. Defining Violence Against Women (Articles 1 & 2)

DEVAW’s strength lies in its clear and comprehensive definition of violence against women. Articles 1 and 2 lay the foundation for understanding the issue and its various forms.

A. Physical, Sexual, and Psychological Harm

The definition encompasses a broad range of acts that inflict physical, sexual, or psychological harm on women. This includes physical assaults, rape, sexual harassment, trafficking, forced marriage, and other harmful traditional practices. Psychological violence can encompass threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, and isolation. Importantly, DEVAW recognizes that violence can occur within the family or the general community, both by state and non-state actors.

B. Public and Private Sphere (Violence in the Family, Community, and State)

Traditionally, violence against women was considered a private matter. DEVAW shattered this notion by acknowledging that violence can occur anywhere – in the home, workplace, on the street, or even perpetrated by state actors.

• Violence in the Family: This includes intimate partner violence, marital rape, and violence against female family members.
• Violence in the Community: Women can face sexual harassment, assault, stalking, and other forms of violence in public spaces or by strangers.
• Violence by the State: This includes torture, arbitrary detention, and war crimes against women.

C. Examples of Violence Against Women (Physical Assault, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Harassment, Trafficking, etc.)

Here are some specific examples of violence against women covered by DEVAW:

• Physical assault: This includes hitting, kicking, shoving, and any other act that inflicts bodily harm.
• Intimate partner violence: This refers to violence perpetrated by a current or former romantic partner, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
• Sexual harassment: This can be unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other forms of verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
• Trafficking: This involves the recruitment, transportation, or harboring of people for forced labor, sexual exploitation, or slavery. Women and girls are disproportionately targeted for trafficking.
• Forced marriage: This involves marrying someone without their free and full consent.
• Harmful traditional practices: Examples include female genital mutilation (FGM) and honor killings.

This list is not exhaustive, and DEVAW recognizes the evolving nature of violence against women.

D. Distinguishing DEVAW’s Definition from Other Forms of Violence

It’s important to distinguish violence against women from other forms of violence. While violence can affect anyone,  DEVAW specifically focuses on violence directed at women based on gender. This violence can be fueled by harmful stereotypes, power imbalances, and a sense of entitlement over women’s bodies and lives.

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IV. The Rights of Women Under DEVAW (Article 3)

DEVAW goes beyond defining violence. Article 3 is crucial, as it reaffirms that women have the fundamental right to live a life free from violence. This article establishes a clear link between violence against women and the violation of their human rights.

A. Reaffirmation of Human Rights Principles (Equality, Security, Liberty, etc.)

The article begins by reaffirming core human rights principles enshrined in other international instruments. These principles include:

• Equality: Women have the right to equal treatment and protection under the law.
• Security: Women have the right to live free from fear of violence and to be secure in their person.
• Liberty: Women can make choices about their lives without coercion or threat.
• Non-discrimination: Women should not be subjected to discrimination based on their gender, including violence that stems from such discrimination.

B. Specific Rights Highlighted by DEVAW (Right to Life, Health, Security, Justice, etc.)

Building on these foundational principles, DEVAW emphasizes specific rights women are entitled to:

• Right to Life: Violence against women can threaten their lives. DEVAW underscores a person’s right to life and security.
• Right to Health: Violence can have devastating physical and mental health consequences. The Declaration acknowledges the right to the highest attainable standard of health, including mental health.
• Right to Security: Women have the right to be free from fear of violence in their homes, communities, and workplaces.
• Right to Justice: Victims of violence have the right to access justice and effective remedies, including protection from further violence and prosecution of perpetrators.

C. Connection Between Violence Against Women and Human Rights Violations

DEVAW establishes a clear connection between violence against women and the violation of their human rights. When a woman experiences violence, her right to life, security, health, and other fundamental rights are compromised. By addressing violence against women, we are upholding their human rights and promoting gender equality.

D. The Right to Live Free from All Forms of Discrimination

Finally, Article 3 emphasizes the right to live free from all forms of discrimination, including discrimination that leads to violence. Gender-based stereotypes and discriminatory practices can create environments where violence against women is tolerated or even condoned. DEVAW calls for the elimination of all forms of discrimination that contribute to violence against women.

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V. State Obligations Under DEVAW (Articles 4-16)

DEVAW doesn’t just define the problem and women’s rights; it holds states accountable for taking action. Articles 4-16 outline a comprehensive framework for state obligations to prevent, address, and ultimately eliminate violence against women. Let’s delve into these key obligations:

A. Prevention of Violence Against Women (Education, Public Awareness Campaigns)

Prevention is a cornerstone of DEVAW. States are obligated to take proactive measures to prevent violence against women from happening in the first place. This includes:

• Education: States should develop educational programs that promote gender equality, challenge harmful stereotypes, and raise awareness about violence against women.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Implementing public awareness campaigns can help shift social norms and attitudes that condone violence against women.
• Research: Funding research on the causes and consequences of violence against women is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies.

B. Protection Measures (Legislation, Shelters, Support Services)

Once violence occurs, states have a responsibility to protect women and ensure their safety. This involves:

• Legislation: States must enact comprehensive laws that criminalize all forms of violence against women and provide for appropriate penalties.
• Shelters and Support Services: Safe havens and support services are essential for women fleeing violence. This includes shelters, hotlines, counseling, and legal aid.
• Order of Protection Systems: States should establish effective legal mechanisms to protect victims from further harassment or abuse by perpetrators.

C. Punishment of Offenders (Criminal Justice System Reforms)

Addressing violence against women requires holding perpetrators accountable. States’ obligations include:

• Investigation and Prosecution: Prompt, thorough, and impartial investigations of violence against women are crucial. States need to ensure perpetrators are prosecuted and face appropriate punishment.
• Judicial Training: Judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officials need training to handle cases of violence against women effectively.
• Victim-Centered Approaches: The criminal justice system should prioritize the safety and well-being of victims while ensuring due process for the accused.

D. Civil Remedies and Access to Justice for Victims (Legal Aid, Compensation)

Beyond criminal justice, DEVAW emphasizes civil remedies and victims’ access to justice. This includes:

• Legal Aid: Victims should have access to legal aid to pursue civil remedies, such as seeking compensation for damages incurred due to violence.
• Compensation: States may consider establishing mechanisms for compensating victims for the physical, psychological, and economic harm suffered.

E. Research and Data Collection on Violence Against Women

Effective strategies require accurate data. States are obligated to:

• Collect Data: Collect and analyze data on the prevalence, nature, and consequences of violence against women.
• Research: Encourage research on violence against women to understand the root causes and identify effective interventions.
• Share Information: States should share data and research findings with civil society organizations.

F. International Cooperation and Assistance

DEVAW recognizes the global nature of violence against women and the need for international cooperation. This includes:

• Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: States should collaborate to share best practices, provide technical assistance, and offer financial support to address violence against women.
• International Organizations: Collaboration with international organizations like the UN is crucial for developing global strategies and monitoring progress.
• NGO Engagement: States should actively engage with NGOs working on violence against women’s issues to leverage expertise and resources.

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Also, read:

• GINA – Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act 2008
• Fair Housing Act (FHA) of 1968
• The Equal Pay Act of 1963

VI. Implementation and Monitoring of DEVAW (Articles 17-22)

DEVAW goes beyond simply outlining state obligations. It emphasizes the importance of effective implementation and monitoring mechanisms to ensure progress towards eliminating violence against women. Articles 17-22 address these crucial aspects.

A. National Level Implementation Strategies and Plans

States are obligated to develop national-level implementation strategies and plans. These plans should:

• Set Clear Objectives and Targets: Define specific goals and measurable targets for reducing violence against women.
• Identify Priority Areas: Focus on areas with the highest prevalence of violence or where specific groups of women are most vulnerable.
• Allocate Resources: Dedicate adequate financial and human resources for implementing the plan.
• Involve Stakeholders: Engage with civil society organizations, women’s groups, and other relevant stakeholders in developing and implementing the plan.

B. Reporting Requirements to the UN

States must submit periodic reports to the UN Committee on Eliminating Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) on their progress in implementing DEVAW. These reports should:

• Highlight Measures Taken: Outline the laws, policies, and programs implemented to address violence against women.
• Challenges Faced: Identify any obstacles encountered in implementing DEVAW.
• Progress Made: Report on the measurable achievements in reducing violence against women.

C. Role of National Machinery and Civil Society Organizations

DEVAW recognizes the crucial role of national machinery and civil society organizations (CSOs) in implementing the Declaration.

• National Machinery: This refers to government bodies or focal points responsible for coordinating efforts on violence against women. They play a key role in developing and implementing national plans and monitoring progress.
• Civil Society Organizations: NGOs, women’s rights groups, and other CSOs bring expertise, resources, and on-the-ground experience to address violence against women. States should actively engage with CSOs and create an enabling environment for their work.

D. Monitoring Mechanisms and Evaluation of Progress

Regular monitoring and evaluation are essential for assessing progress and identifying areas where additional efforts are needed. This can involve:

• Data Collection and Analysis: Regularly collect and analyze data on violence against women to track trends and measure impact.
• Independent Monitoring Bodies: Consider establishing independent bodies to monitor the implementation of DEVAW and hold states accountable.
• Stakeholder Participation: Involve civil society and women’s organizations in monitoring efforts to ensure diverse perspectives are considered.

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Also, read:

• The Debbie Smith Act 2004 & Reauthorizations
• The Protect from Exploitation Act (PROTECT) 2003

VII. Impact and Challenges of DEVAW

Since its adoption in 1993, DEVAW has had a significant impact on the global fight against violence against women. Let’s delve into both the achievements and ongoing challenges:

A. Achievements in Raising Awareness and Enacting Legislation

DEVAW’s impact is undeniable. It has sparked global conversations about violence against women, leading to stricter laws, national action plans, and a rise in support services like shelters and hotlines for victims.

B. Ongoing Challenges in Implementation (Lack of Resources, Cultural Barriers)

While DEVAW has spurred progress, significant hurdles persist. Limited resources hinder countries’ ability to implement effective strategies. Weak law enforcement allows perpetrators to act with impunity. Deep-rooted cultural barriers, like victim blaming and patriarchal norms, impede progress.

Furthermore, difficulty accessing legal aid, navigating the justice system, and securing protection orders restrict victims’ access to justice. Finally, the lack of reliable data on violence against women makes it challenging to measure progress and identify successful interventions.

C. The Need for Continued Monitoring and Advocacy

Continued efforts are crucial to overcoming persisting challenges. Governments and international donors must increase funding for national plans. Law enforcement needs training and resources for better case handling. Community mobilization through awareness campaigns and promoting positive masculinities is vital for cultural change.

Investing in women’s education and economic empowerment reduces their vulnerability. Continued data collection and research on violence against women fuels evidence-based solutions. Finally, collaboration with civil society organizations ensures accountability. It amplifies the voices of women in the fight for a violence-free future.

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VIII. Conclusion

The fight to eliminate violence against women continues. DEVAW stands as a testament to the global commitment to this cause. It provides a clear definition of the issue, establishes women’s rights to live free from violence, and outlines state obligations for prevention, protection, and prosecution.

Despite significant achievements in raising awareness and enacting legislation, challenges persist. Lack of resources, cultural barriers, and weak law enforcement continue to hinder progress. Moving forward requires continued monitoring, advocacy, and investment. By allocating resources, strengthening legal frameworks, and promoting cultural change, we can translate the ideals of DEVAW into a reality. Only then can women and girls truly live in a world free from fear and violence.

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